⚛️ Particle Physics Standard Model
Explore the fundamental particles and their three-generation structure
Quarks (Matter Particles)
Gen 2
+2/3
c
Charm
1.27 GeV
Gen 3
+2/3
t
Top
173.2 GeV
Gen 1
-1/3
d
Down
4.7 MeV
Gen 2
-1/3
s
Strange
95 MeV
Gen 3
-1/3
b
Bottom
4.18 GeV
Leptons (Matter Particles)
Gen 1
-1
e
Electron
0.511 MeV
Gen 2
-1
μ
Muon
105.66 MeV
Gen 3
-1
τ
Tau
1776.86 MeV
Gen 1
0
νₑ
Electron Neutrino
< 1 eV
Gen 2
0
νμ
Muon Neutrino
< 0.19 MeV
Gen 3
0
ντ
Tau Neutrino
< 18.2 MeV
Gauge Bosons (Force Carriers)
Three-Generation Mass Hierarchy
Lepton Ratios: e : μ : τ = 1 : 206.8 : 3477.2
3D Time Prediction: 1 : 4.5 : 21.0
Mass Hierarchy (Logarithmic Scale)
Why Three Generations?
The Standard Model contains three generations of matter particles, but doesn't explain why.
The three-dimensional time framework provides a natural
explanation: the three generations emerge from eigenvalues of the temporal metric tensor,
corresponding to three orthogonal temporal dimensions (t₁, t₂, t₃).
Each temporal dimension operates at a different scale:
- t₁ (Quantum): Planck scale → Generation 1 (lightest)
- t₂ (Interaction): Intermediate scale → Generation 2
- t₃ (Cosmological): Large scale → Generation 3 (heaviest)